Tax Task Force Meeting, New York City 2005
March 30, 2005
Columbia University New York City, New York, United States
Our Tax Task Force met for the first time in December 2004 to discuss tax policy from a developing country perspective. Observed tax policies in the poorest countries differ sharply both from those in richer countries, and from those recommended by existing models of optimal tax policy.
Partners
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United Nations Development Program
New York City, New York, United States
The purpose of the Task Force is not to resolve the issues or tell countries what they should do, but to ensure that countries have access to a comprehensive catalogue of the theory and evidence that underlies each central issue. The participants in this initiative are not being asked to try to arrive at a consensus concerning what should be done, but only a consensus that the major issues have been comprehensively and fairly laid out. Ultimately, the Task force will publish a book written for policymakers in developing countries on alternatives in tax policy.
Our second meeting held at Columbia University in March 2005, provided a forum for tax practitioners from Brazil, Argentina, India, Korea, Peru, Pakistan, Ecuador, and Poland to discuss tax reform with top academics. Task force members presented a model for examining the impact of reforms undertaken by developing countries, and explored the ways this model could be used to better understand tax policy in each country. The task force is currently in the process of commissioning papers to be written jointly by academics and practitioners.
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Roberto Baquerizo
Task Force Member
Managing Director
Pro Ventures, Inc
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Raymundo Campos Vazquez
Task Force Member
Doctoral Candidate, Economics
University of California, Berkeley
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Oscar Cetrangolo
Task Force Member
CEPAL-Naciones Unidas
CEPAL - Argentina
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Nada Eissa
Task Force Member
Associate Professor of Public Policy
Georgetown University
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Shahe Emran
Task Force Member
Assistant Professor
George Washington University
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Roger Gordon
Task Force Chair
Professor of Economics
University of California, San Diego
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Antoine Heuty
Task Force Member
Public Finance Economist
UNDP
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Haizhou Huang
Task Force Member
Senior Economist, Research Department
International Monetary Fund
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Joosung Jun
Task Force Member
Professor, Department of Economics
Ewha University, South Korea
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Michael Keen
Task Force Member
Head, Tax Policy Division
International Monetary Fund
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Wojciech Kopczuk
Task Force Member
Asisstant Professor, Economics
Columbia University
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Sergei Koulayev
Task Force Member
Visiting Assistant Professor
Boston College, Boston University
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Beatriz Merino
Task Force Member
Public Sector Senior Specialist
Latin American & the Caribbean, The World Bank
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David Newbery
Task Force Member
Professor of Economics
Cambridge University
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Akbar Noman
Task Force Member
Senior Policy Fellow
Initiative for Policy Dialogue (IPD)
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Omar Noman
Task Force Member
Senior Advisor to the Assistant Secretary General, Regional Bureau for Asia and the Pacific
United Nations Development Programme
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Rohini Pande
Task Force Member
Mohammed Kamal Professor of Public Policy
Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University
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Hafiz Pasha
Task Force Chair
Professor, Dean of the Department of Economics
Beaconhouse National University
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Indira Rajaraman
Task Force Member
Professor of Economics and Senior Fellow
National Institute of Public Finance and Policy, India
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Govinda M. Rao
Task Force Member
Director
National Institute of Public Finance and Policy, India
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Elsa Romo-Leroux de Mena
Task Force Member
Director
Internal Revenue Service
Government of Ecuador
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Rathin Roy
Task Force Member
Public Resource Management Advisor
UNDP Poverty Group, Bureau for Development Policy
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Emmanuel Saez
Task Force Member
Professor
Berkeley, University of California
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Joseph Stiglitz
Task Force Member
President
Initiative for Policy Dialogue (IPD)
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Vito Tanzi
Task Force Member
Consultant, Fiscal aspects of trade liberalization
Inter-American Development Bank
Argentina Summary
57kb pdf Argentina is facing the greatest crisis of its history and taxation has played a crucial role in the genesis, development and, as present fiscal figures show, in its way out. In very general terms, the main problems of the Argentine tax system are related to five issues: solvency, instability, equity, informal sector and federalism. |
Revenue Policy: The Ecuadorian Experience
85kb pdf |
Taxation and Labor Supply of Married Women
301kb pdf The Tax Reform Act of 1986 was arguably the most significant reform of the federal income tax in the United States since the inception of the modern tax system in 1948. TRA86 expanded the tax base, and in addition reduced marginal tax rates- most significantly at the top and the bottom of the income distribution. At the very top of the statutory tax schedule, the marginal tax rate was reduced from 50 percent to 28 percent (or 44 percent).This paper uses the Tax Reform Act of 1986 as a natural experiment to identify the labor supply responsiveness of married women to changes in the tax rate. The nature of the reforms suggest focusing on the very top of the income distribution. To isolate the behavioral response to taxes from the effects of general labor market trends, I use comparison groups of women whose tax rates were less affected by the reforms. The effects of TRA86 are identified by comparing the labor supply of women at the 99th percentile of the income distribution to that of women from the 75th percentile of the same distribution.I find evidence that the labor supply of high-income, married women increased quite substantially after the Tax Reform Act of 1986. Total hours worked by married women at the top of the income distribution increased by as much as 90 hours per year after their taxes declined. This response cannot be explained by the choice of the comparison group nor by changing returns to education over this period. The observed responses imply an hours worked elasticity with respect to the after-tax wage that is somewhat high, in the range of 0.6 to 0.8. By examining the participation response separately, this paper also contributes to our understanding of the composition of the labor supply response; i.e. the extensive (participation) versus intensive (hours worked) margin. The evidence for high income women over this period suggest that at least half of the total elasticity is due to labor force participation. |
The Effect of Marginal Tax Rates on Taxable Income
1.83mb pdf This paper reports new estimates of the sensitivity of taxable income to changes in tax rates based on a comparison of the tax returns of the same individual taxpayers before and after the 1986 tax reform. This comparison is done by using a panel of more than 4000 individual tax returns created by the Treasury that matches tax returns for the same taxpayers in different years.The analysis emphasizes that the response of taxable income is much more general than the response of traditional measures of labor supply and is likely to be much more sensitive to tax rates.The evidence shows a substantial response of taxable income to changes in marginal tax rates. The differences-of-differences calculations imply an elasticity of taxable income with respect to the marginal net-of-tax rate that is at least one and could be substantially higher.There is a brief discussion and simulation analysis of the implications of these estimates for the likely impact of the 1993 tax rate increases on tax revenues. Even the lowest estimated elasticity implies that the tax rates changes enacted in 1993 will lead to little additional personal income tax revenue. |
Tax Structures in Developing Countries
187kb pdf |
Tax Policy In Developing Countries Presentation
59kb pdf |
The Elasticity of Taxable Income
354kb pdf A central tax policy parameter that has recently received much attention, but about which there is substantial uncertainty, is the overall elasticity of taxable income. We provide new estimates of this elasticity which address identification problems with previous work, by exploiting a long panel of tax returns to study a series of tax reforms throughout the 1980s. This identification strategy also allows us to provide new evidence on both the income effects of tax changes on taxable income, and on variation in the elasticity of taxable income by income group. We find that the overall elasticity of taxable income is approximately 0.4; the elasticity of real income, not including tax preferences, is much lower. We also estimate small income effects on tax changes on reported income, implying that the compensated and uncompensated elasticities of taxable income are very similar. We estimate that this overall elasticity is primarily due to a very elastic response of taxable income for taxpayers who have incomes above $100,000 per year, who have an elasticity of 0.57, while for those with incomes below $100,000 per year the elasticity is less than one-third as large. Moreover, high income taxpayers who itemize are particularly responsive to taxation. We then derive optimal income tax structures using these elasticities. Our estimates suggest that the optimal system for most redistributional preferences consists of a large demogrant that is rapidly taxed away for low income taxpayers, with lower marginal rates at higher income levels. |
Financial Crisis, Economic Recovery, and Banking Development in Russia, Ukraine, and Other FSU Countries
855kb pdf This paper provides a unified analysis for the onset of the 1998 financial crisis and the strong economic recovery afterward in Russia and other former Soviet Union countries. Before the crisis a banking failure arose owing to the coexistence of a lemons credit market and high government borrowing. In a lemons credit market low credit risk firms switched from bank to nonbank finance, including trade credits and barter trade, generating an externality on banks' interest rates. The collapse of the treasury bills market in the financial crisis triggered a change in banks’ lending behavior, providing initial conditions for banking development. |
Conference Notes: Russia Presentation Summary
39kb pdf |
The Tax-Expenditure Linkage in Korea
195kb pdf The tax structure in Korea does not much resemble those found in developed countries: the personal income tax is of relatively minor importance (14.1 percent of total tax revenue in 2003; the share for corporate taxes was 17.3); the corporate taxes are paid primarily by large manufacturing companies; and the use of revenue earmarking is extensive (the revenue from earmarked taxes amounted to 3.5 percent of GDP or 17.2 percent of total taxes; taking into account earmarked grants to localities, almost 35 percent of total tax revenue was earmarked in 2003).These phenomena are possibly related to tax enforcement problems faced in Korea: due to the lack of reliable tax information on the self-employed and small firms, the bases of income and value added taxes are narrow. Earmarked taxes, the revenue from which normally flows into a special account or fund, have appeared to be an attractive source of financing various public services without much resistance from the taxpayers (the special accounts and public funds together accounted for about 45 percent of the consolidated central government expenditure, leaving barely over half of central government activities for the general account).This note presents an analysis of the link between major earmarked taxes (the transportation, the rural development, the education, and the liquor tax, etc.) and their corresponding accounts (transportation facilities, rural development, environment, education, transfers-to-localities, etc.): The major findings are: (1) the link between any specific source and expenditure does not appear to be tight (“weak” earmarking), suggesting that the marginal expenditure decision remain in the hands of the budgetary authorities, not taxpayers; (2) the tax-expenditure linkage does not reflect a benefit-tax principle in most cases (especially when taxes are imposed in surcharges; when a fixed ratio of general revenue is earmarked); most likely, earmarking in Korea was motivated by revenue collecting purposes. |
The Tax-Expenditure Linkage in Korea Summary
37kb pdf |
Peru Presentation Summary
29kb pdf |
Brazil Presentation Summary
42kb pdf |
India Presentation Summary
33kb pdf |
India Presentation Summary
38kb pdf |
On Selective Indirect Tax Reforms in Developing Countries
221kb pdf The current consensus on indirect tax reform in developing countries favors a reduction in trade taxes with an increase in VAT to raise revenue. The theoretical results on selective reform that underlie this consensus are, however, derived from partial models that ignore the existence of an informal economy. Once the incomplete coverage of VAT due to an informal economy is acknowledged, we show that, contrary to the current consensus, the standard revenue-neutral selective reform of trade taxes and VAT reduces welfare under plausible conditions. Moreover, a VAT base broadening with a revenue-neutral reduction in trade taxes may also reduce welfare. The results raise serious doubts about the wisdom of the indirect tax reform policies pursued by a large number of developing countries. |
Price-Neutral Tax Reform With an Informal Economy
214kb pdf A strand of recent literature shows that a reform of import tariff (export tax) and consumption tax (production tax) that keeps consumer (producer) price unchanged enhances welfare and increases revenue under plausible conditions. It has been argued that the results provide an ex post justification for the widely implemented reform policies in developing countries that reduce trade taxes and increase consumption tax like VAT for revenue. We demonstrate that the results derived so far critically depend on the unrealistic assumption that there is no informal sector in the economy, implying that each and every commodity in the economy can be taxed through VAT and production tax. Our results show that, when the feasibility restrictions on the tax instruments imposed by the presence of a large informal and shadow economy is taken into account, such consumer or producer price-neutral reform reduces both welfare and revenue under plausible conditions. |
Development Oriented Tax Policy Presentation
117kb pdf |